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The guest editors of the special issue on Addressing Food and Nutrition Security in Developed Countries reflect on the 26 papers that were published as part of this issue and the scope of research contained therein. There is an extensive body of work, which focuses on topics ranging from the prevalence of food insecurity in developed countries, associations and determinants, measurement and monitoring, to reports of the lived experience and coping strategies of people who are living with food insecurity or and those who are a part of the charitable food sector. Very few solutions to address the problem of food insecurity in developed countries were offered, and many challenges highlighted. Further research is required to find the solutions to address the problem of food insecurity in developed countries, and important principles and values are proposed for those undertaking this work to embrace.
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Through our books and research, we are pleased to have played a small part in the
recent rapid growth of the science of sports nutrition. Taken together, our series
of monographs and edited books form an exhaustive and comprehensive corpus on
the subject.
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This is a book about many of the fruits that we all enjoy so much from both the tropical
and temperate regions of the world. Included are some of my favorites from the tropics,
such as the custard apple and the mango, and all the favorite temperate fruits, such as
strawberries and raspberries, or the versatile apple and plum, and even the date from the
deserts of Africa.
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This is the third volume of a new series being published by Oxford University
Press in collaboration with the Hospice and Palliative Nurses Association. The
intent of this series is to provide palliative care nurses with quick reference
guides to each of the key domains of palliative care.
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Nutrition is becoming ever more central to our understanding of virtually
all metabolic processes. Its biological basis offers insight into the mech-
anisms by which diet influences human health and disease.
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We would like to dedicate this book to Sylvia Wood, Project Editor
at CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group LLC. Sylvia worked with
us and the chapter contributors for almost two decades.
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Anemia is a worldwide public health problem affecting 1.62 billion people,
or ~25% of the global population [1]. The highest prevalence of anemia
occurs in children aged 6–59 months (40%, or ~269 million globally) and
importantly, the largest group of affected individuals (30%, or ~571 million
globally) is women of reproductive age (15–49 years) [2]. Reduction of ane-
mia in women of reproductive age is a target of Goal 2 (zero hunger) of the
17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an urgent call to action
by all countries to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all. In
contrast to women, targets for anemia reduction in infants and children have
yet to be set.
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What is sport nutrition? Ask 10 different people this question, and you are
likely to receive 10 different answers. At its most basic level, sport nutrition
is the practice of ingesting nutrients in the correct amounts at specific times
to improve exercise or sport performance. But while improving sport per-
formance is a goal for some, many individuals are not competitive in their
activities but rather are concerned with improving their body composition,
5K time, or maximum bench press, for example. An intriguing aspect of
sport nutrition is that the same principles apply to the elite athlete as to the
individual who has hired a personal trainer for the first time. One of the
primary objectives of this book is to relay practical, scientific information
to this diverse range of fitness enthusiasts and competitive athletes.
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The short-lived, free radical molecule nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as one of the most versatile cell
signaling transmitters produced by mammalian biological systems. NO, identified as “endothelium-
derived relaxing factor” and proclaimed “Molecule of the Year” in 1992, functions critically in physi-
ology, neuroscience, and immunology. The vascular effects of NO alone include vasodilatation,
inhibition of platelet aggregation and leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium, scavenging of superox-
ide anions, and inhibition of smooth muscle cell hyperplasia. Early studies on NO stemmed from
work with nitroglycerin in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism through which it relieved pain due
to angina pectoris. It was discovered that the formation of NO from nitroglycerin accounts for its
therapeutic efficacy for angina by dilating constricted and diseased blood vessels in the heart. Not
surprisingly, some of the most prevalent diseases result, at least in part, from decreased NO availabil-
ity, for example, hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolemia.
The discovery of the formation of NO from the semi-essential amino acid l-arginine through one
of three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase provided a key therapeutic target, which is still the focus of
much research today. Dietary supplementation of l-arginine has been shown to enhance NO produc-
tion in healthy individuals (despite already saturated extracellular concentrations), and this may both
provide cardiovascular protective effects and enhance athletic performance. Indeed, endothelial dys-
function, an early sign of cardiovascular disease, has been reversed through enhanced NO production.
This observation leads us to believe that intervention through the NO pathway is a viable route for
treatment and prevention of vascular dysfunction.
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For half a billion women in developing
regions worldwide, anemia is a life-long bur-
den, one which affects most of their infants
and young children as well.
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Tomatoes have become a dietary staple for humans in many parts of the
world. The characteristic deep red color of the ripe tomato fruit and related
products is mainly due to lycopene.
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Examination of trends in cardiovascular disease
indicates that this is in many ways the best of times,
while the worst of times may loom in the future.
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It gives me great pleasure to offer Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine
as an in-depth communication offering vital information in the diagnosis and management of ath-
erosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Nutrition news is everywhere. Opinions on the best way to eat often clash with one
another, however, which bewilders and frustrates consumers.
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The great success of the Nutrition and Health Series is the result of the consistent
overriding mission of providing health professionals with texts that are essential
because each includes: 1) a synthesis of the state of the science, 2) timely, in-depth
reviews by the leading researchers in their respective fields, 3) extensive, up-to-date
fully annotated reference lists, 4) a detailed index, 5) relevant tables and figures,
6) identification of paradigm shifts and the consequences, 7) virtually no overlap of
information between chapters, but targeted, inter-chapter referrals, 8) suggestions
of areas for future research, and 9) balanced, data-driven answers to patient as well
as health professionals questions which are based upon the totality of evidence
rather than the findings of any single study.
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A billboard in Louisiana reads, “Come as you are. Leave dif-
ferent,” meaning that once you’ve seen, smelled, tasted,
and listened to Louisiana, you’ll never be the same. This book
extends the same invitation to its readers: come to nutrition
science as you are, with all of the knowledge and enthusiasm
you possess, with all of your unanswered questions and mis-
conceptions, and with the habits and preferences that now dic-
tate what you eat.
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This new book presents current research in the study of nutritional and
physical education. Topics discussed include nutritional education in the
workplace; physical activity and obesity; nutritional game design by kids for
kids; providing nutritional education to community-dwelling older persons,
maternal nutritional education before and during pregnancy, and a discussion
of the link between the endocrine system and obesity. (Imprint: Nova
Biomedical Press)
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This new clinical decision support chart focuses on
helping pediatricians and other health professionals
ensure optimal nutrition in the crucial first weeks
after birth, which can have significant effects on
long-term health and developmental outcomes.
A variety of the most important tables, guidelines,
and algorithms from the new eighth edition
of the American Academy of Pediatrics policy
manual, Pediatric Nutrition, are collected here
for easy reference in an enlarged, expanded,
colorized format.
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With sincere thanks to my family, who, without the love and support of
my husband John, son John Michael, and daughter Mary, I would lack the
purpose, meaning, and balance that brings energy and inspiration to my life.
With appreciation to my running buddies, Jean Smith and Catherine
Farrell, for sharing life’s marathons with me.
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W
Introduction
e all eat, all day every day, and we all know the saying, “We are what we
eat.” But for some reason, no one knows what to eat.
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Obesity has reached epidemic proportions all over the world. In the last 25 years,
epidemiological research and national surveys confi rm this tendency.
From children to older adults, much attention has been given to this health prob-
lem by researchers, politicians, the media, and the public. In fact, obesity is the most
common chronic disorder in the industrialized societies, with an important impact
on individual lives as well as on health economics (medical expenses, lost income
as a result of disability, and complications of adult obesity), and therefore, obesity
has already become a major factor in health care planning systems.
There is also controversy regarding the role of the different identifi ed determi-
nants, the importance of the components necessary for successful prevention and
management of obesity weight loss, and the strategies to address common barriers,
which need to be changed.
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respective spouses, Katherine and Ian, for their support during the compilation of this book and
our resulting absence from family activities. Finally, we thank our publisher, CRC Press, and more
specifically Ira Wolinsky and Randy Brehm, for asking us to produce this book on a topic we both
believe in so passionately.
We trust that you will enjoy reading this book and we hope that it is a useful resource for optimiz-
ing the reproductive health of your patients, and that of the next generation.
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The extraordinary conditions in space, especially microgravity, are utilized today
not only for research in physical and materials sciences—they especially provide a
unique tool for research in various areas of life sciences.
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In this book Molecular Nutrition: Vitamins we focus on Vitamins. In total
there are 13 vitamins which are essential constituents of the diet. Vitamins
are classified as either fat soluble (A, D, E, and K) or water soluble
(B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7 B9, B12, and C) and are termed as micronutrients
due to the low quantities required in the diet. The majority of vitamins,
except for vitamin D and small amounts of B3, need to be obtained from
the diet, and thus inadequate intake can lead to deficiencies. The most
common deficiencies in the United States are of vitamin B6, vitamin B12,
vitamin C, folic acid, and vitamin D, with the deficiency subject to varia-
tion depending on the ethnic group, gender, and age of the person.
Furthermore, the quantity of vitamin required from the diet varies quite
significantly between vitamins from micrograms to milligrams.
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series by providing a unique collection of fascinating
contributions on the fundamentals of the nutritional
connection between aging and health. The great chal-
lenge of this book is to address a field that benefits
from a marked popular interest with a critical scientific
perspective.
Hence, the book is organized in one introductory
section followed by three parts that each individually
take the reader on a journey from molecules through
cells and tissues up to the whole organism. This is
likely the most comprehensive volume ever published
on the impact of nutrition on aging as it encompasses
a wide field of knowledge from the molecular basis to
clinical interventions.
